Report on The Scottish Parliament Building (Edinburgh) Assignment

Report on The Scottish Parliament Building (Edinburgh) - Assignment Example The building was officially opened by the great Queen Elizabeth on 9th October, 2004. The first debate to be held in the building was on 7th September, 2004. Since its construction, the building has been successful in achievement of its objectives and has won various awards as well as the Sterling Prize of 2005. Construction of Scottish Parliament Building The Scottish parliament building design has been rated among the most innovative in British even to date (Heaphestus, 2011, p.17). This is because of the materials used to make it, comprised of a mixture of oak, granite and steel. The building is also a combination of many buildings, showing diverse architectural styles. However, the construction of the building was not easy. It brought up heated arguments and faced very strong criticisms. The construction company received criticisms from the media, politicians and the general Scottish public. This did not hinder its completion and today, it is the most adored building whose story and attractive nature continue to attract millions of people. Due to the criticisms and the political environment surrounding the construction of the building, Scottish parliament building was completed three years later than the planned time (Dainty, 2006, p. 179). According to plans, the building was estimated to cost around 40million and be completed by 2001. This was not the case as it cost 414million and was completed in the year 2003. The Scottish parliament building was constructed with features which ensure its sustainability. To begin with, the building was constructed on Brownfield which has good proximity to public transport and the hubs. These have been seen to be very sustainable. The building also has solar panels, which assist in saving energy up to 80%, the building thus relies more on its renewable sources of energy than the purchased electricity. The building possesses features, which are linked to land and nature. It has motifs which are leaf shaped and its roof n ear the garden lobby. The debating chamber has large windows. While one is inside the building, you will not fail to notice the link of land reinforced using Scottish rock like granite on the walls and gneiss. Sycamore and oak is also used in its furniture’s construction. Management of the Project There has been sound management of the Scottish parliament building project (Alec & Burnside, 2010, p.142.). This achievement however, was arrived at, after a bitter struggle which saw the cost of the entire project multiply over ten times of the original estimate. It also delayed three years behind time schedule. The fact that there were changes in major design and costs of the project, the management of the project was in question and a commission of enquiry was set to investigate into the matter. Right from its inception, the management foreseeing the construction received constant pressure as to the location, design, architect and the company awarded the contract of constructing the building. Despite these, the building has been very instrumental in representing national identity and uniting the Scottish people, their landscape, Edinburgh city and the culture. Taking into consideration uniqueness of the project, the project manager was questioned as to whether he provided the best

Engineering The palms in Dubai aka 8th wonder of the world Essay

Engineering The palms in Dubai aka 8th wonder of the world - Essay Example The Islands add about 1, 600 km to Dubai’s coastline and have already been termed as the eighth wonder of the world. The three islands facilitate over 100 luxury hotels and a large number of residential and entertainment centers [1]. This report presents an analysis of one of the best engineering marvels, the Palm Islands project. The report will first give a background of the project, including the construction process, and then discuss the challenges faced by the engineering team. The impacts of this mega project on the local environment and the coastal eco system will also be discussed in detail. Table of Contents Abstract 1 Table of Contents 2 Introduction 3 Reasons for construction of the Palm Islands 4 Construction Process 4 Curving the land 5 Engineering Challenges 6 Environmental Impact 8 Project Result 9 Conclusion 9 References 11 Introduction The UAE is one of the world’s largest and fastest growing economies. This country has witnessed immense investments in the construction industry hence becoming the largest construction market in the GCC [2]. According to Noack [3], the country’s construction industry managed to record a strong development between 2007 and 2009 despite the global financial distress. In 2009, the industry contributed approximately 8% to the country’s GDP. ... An island is made up of piles of lava rising above the water level. Technically, the Palm islands are manmade peninsulas made of sand dredged from the Persian Gulf [4]. Among the three islands, the Palm Deira is the largest and is also the largest artificial island in the world. Construction was commissioned by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum. The islands were constructed by Jan De Nul and Van Oord, the former being a Belgian company and the latter a Dutch company, with each settlement shaped like a palm tree. Palm Jumeriah was the first island to be constructed. Its construction commenced in June 2001. Also situated on an artificial island in Dubai is the Burj al Arab. This is a luxury hotel standing 280 meters from Jumeriah beach. It is the world’s fourth tallest hotel and has a private curved bridge connecting it to the main land [5]. Reasons for construction of the Palm Islands The Palm Island is unquestionably one of the most ambitious and enterprising ventures to h ave ever been imagined and constructed. The core purpose of the entire construction of the islands was to increase the tourism sector in Dubai. This was to be achieved by providing a tourist destination that stands out from the rest, brimming with world class hotels, upscale amenities and hundreds of miles of beaches all in one unique place [2]. The other objectives of the construction project were to complete reclamation of land and as a result, achieve pioneer status as well as fame. The reclamation would then allow for construction of hotels and housing facilities. This would involve many foreign investors and hence improve Dubai’s international recognition [3]. Construction Process Construction of The Palms began in mid 2001 [5]. The Islands are made of sand

Mindless Humans Essay -- essays research papers fc

Humans have been socially networked with each other since the time they have been created. Civilization was fashioned by humans interacting with one another. With this interaction with others and communal peers, â€Å"social man is a somnambulist† (Asch 61). In other terms, when humans become social, they are really â€Å"sleep walking†, or following the crowd, even though belief in the western world has it that people are â€Å"free† to choose for themselves. This sleepwalking factor then turns individuals into mindless ants. It only occurs because a human is a social animal and with that comes, social pressures and authoritative figures. Stanley Milgram studied at Harvard University and tested how social humans would react in a certain situation. Milgram tested how certain individuals would respond to inflicting harm onto another person because another figure told them to. He was interested in why regular day people would actually do such horrific things to the victim. In the experiment there was no physical consequence for the individual pushing the button if they said no. People in this situation believed in that the scientist knew what he/she was doing so they assumed that what they were doing was acceptable even though in actuality they believed it was not right. Subjects gave up their free will to choose because a higher authority told them to do so. This is similar to ants in that the majority of ants are worker ants; they obey the authority of the queen and will act out every wish she wants. Even though the ants can think for themselves, they follow the authority. Originally the theory was that many would stop the experiment being aware that the person that they were shocking is indeed being harmed, but that was proven wrong (Milgram 41). A different scientist who redid this experiment found that 85 percent of his subjects were obedient (Milgram 42). As a result it was evident that individuals will succumb to authoritative figures. Strudler and Warren explain that the subjects acted the way they did because of authority heuristics, which is the reliance on an authority figure (57). In Milgram’s experiment, the scientist was the authority figure in the experiment and the subject trusted his/her judgment because they believed that the scientist knows what he/she is doing. Even though the subject believed they have â€Å"free† will in their choices, the pressures of t... ...ately, disinterestedly, without emotions† (38). To do so would allow us to think for ourselves and not be swayed in any other direction by any other factors. As humans we are naturally social creatures. That is how civilization began, by humans interacting with each other. We need to be able to understand ourselves and trust ourselves so that we can make the decisions for ourselves and not me mindless ants just following the crowd. In the end the main person that is affected by decisions is the one who is making the decision. Works Cited Lessing, Doris. â€Å"Group Minds.† Writing Two Reader. Grafikarts: Santa Barbara. 37-38. 2000 Milgram, Stanley. â€Å"The Perils of Obedience.† Writing Two Reader. Grafikarts: Santa Barbara. 39-50. 2000 Nssani, Moti. â€Å"Review on Stabley Milgram’s Experiments on Obedience.† Writing Two Reader. Grafikarts: Santa Barbara. 51-54. 2000 Strudler, Alan. â€Å"Authority and Excuses.† Writing Two Reader. Grafikarts: Santa Barbara. 55-60. 2000 Asch, Solomon. â€Å"Opinions and Social Pressure.† Writing Two Reader. Grafikarts: Santa Barbara. 61-66. 2000 Fromm, Erich. â€Å"Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem.† Writing Two Reader. Grafikarts: Santa Barbara. 67-71. 2000

Theory of aging

Ageing or aging is the process of getting older. Age is commonly taken into account in social interaction and age differentiation is commonly a basis for allocating social roles and resources. A theory of aging or a formal intervention strategy, by its very nature as a human activity, always contains a story with implicit and explicit meanings or ontological images of human nature, its development and its teleology. This article focuses the social, cultural, and economic effects of ageing. Aging is an important part of all human societies reflecting the biological changes that occur, but also reflecting cultural and societal conventions. Age is usually, but wholly arbitrarily, measured in years and a person’s birthday is often an important event. As a feature of social change and as an aspect of social stratification, ageing and age groups have been seriously neglected by sociological theory. To conceptualize age groups in a multi-dimensional model of stratification this considers ageing in relation to economic class, political entitlement, or citizenship, and cultural life-styles. Theories given by many sociologists on aging are as follows:- Modernization Theory This is the view that the status of the elderly has declined since industrialization and the spread of technology. Disengagement Theory This is the idea that separation of older people from active roles in society is normal and appropriate, and benefits both society and older individuals. Activity Theory A view holding that the more active people are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with life. Continuity Theory The view that in aging people are inclined to maintain, as much as they can, the same habits, personalities, and styles of life that they have developed in earlier years. Cognitive Theory A view of aging that emphasizes individual subjective perception, rather than actual objective change itself, as the factor that determines behavior associated with advanced age. Demographic Transition Theory The idea that population aging can be explained by a decline in both birthrates and death rates following industrialization. Exchange Theory The idea that interaction in social groups is based on the reciprocal balancing of rewards depending on actions performed. The impact of social and sociocultural conditions and social consequences of the process of aging is termed as social gerontology. Normal declines in all organ systems, usually occurring after age 30. (The period between Birth – 30 years is usually called â€Å"Development† or â€Å"Maturation†) The future of public welfare with regard to older people is being questioned in all industrial societies, thus it is more important than ever to understand the relationship between old age and public policy. Older people have been expected to adjust to the reification of age into convenient social categories for the purposes of resource distribution and rationing. It is important in health and social welfare, the social and health deficits become translated into need, how need can be forestalled or optimum conditions created for its alleviation, and what can be done to promote the quality of life in old age by practical means. We turn to mental health theorists to elaborate our definition of life satisfaction and well-being and then to psychological research to suggest how to prepare ourselves now for a good old age in the future. Many older people face many problems, without programs for the aging and the human services workers who help older people use them, many more would be in difficult circumstances. As more and more elderly live longer life spans it is likely that many of those older individuals in their sixties and seventies may have surviving partners, which is a new phenomenon in our society. Many elderly people are healthy, vital, and in good financial circumstances. The term â€Å"young old† categorizes the health and social characteristics of the elderly rather than the very old. On the other hand, improvements in health care and the quality of life have made it possible for people to live longer. On the other hand, for many older people survival into old age is not a blessing. Many suffer from poverty; isolation, and no productivity. The large population has become a problem for society, as we have not created channels for productive use of leisure time and means for old people to meet their own needs successfully. On the whole, our society is ill prepared to cope with the increasing number of older people. To work successfully with older people, it is important to understand their social status today in relation to changes that have occurred in this century. In addition, it is important to understand the aging process and the strengths and weaknesses of people in the later phases of life in coping with their status and problems. In the eastern culture’s respect for old age, the elderly were given status and power of life and death over the young, perhaps old age was a better time of life than young adulthood. Many of these ancient values have transcended time and exist today in Eastern cultures, where the elderly are generally revered and, therefore, are well cared for by the society as a whole. Aging is a disease that reaches all of us, but its symptoms can be postponed with the proper combination of diet, supplementation and exercise. Reference: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare:-  By University of Connecticut School of Social Work, Western Michigan University College of Health and Human Services, Western Michigan University School of Social Work 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Enduring Questions in Gerontology  By Debra J. Sheets, Dana Burr Bradley, Jon Hendricks 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Policies for an Aging Society  By David L. Shactman 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Housing an Aging Society: Issues, Alternatives, and Policy  By Robert J. Newcomer, Mortimer Powell Lawton, Thomas O. Byerts 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Aging Families and Use of Proverbs for Values Enrichment  By Vera R. Jackson 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ageing, Status Politics and Sociological Theory Bryan S. Turner         

Special Education Teachers Annotated Bibliography

Annotated Bibliography Autism Speaks. (2012). The Federal Response to Autism. Retrieved June 17, 2012, from HYPERLINK http://www.autismspeaks.org http://www.autismspeaks.org. The website Autism Speaks offers links to research, to relevant news reports, to grants and to family services. The fact that autism affects one in every 88 children and one in every 54 boys shows visitors that autism is a serious health problem and the need for these resources is acute. Council for Exceptional Children. (2010). Families. Retrieved June 18, 2012, from HYPERLINK http://www.cec.sped.org http://www.cec.sped.org. The Council for Exceptional Children offers resources for teachers, it also acts as an advocacy group in the sense that it pushes for public policies that affect children with disabilities, and the professionals who work with those children. Learning Disabilities Association of America. (2004). Learning Disabilities: Signs, Symptoms and Strategies. Retrieved June 18, 2012, from HYPERLINK http://www.ldanatl.org http://www.ldanatl.org. The LDA organization offers specific information on a number of disabilities that children are afflicted with, including dyslexia, dyscalculia, central auditory processing disorder, non-verbal learning disorders, language disorders and writing disorders (dysgraphia). The LDA site notes that learning disabilities is actually an umbrella term alluding to a number of disabilities. National Association of Special Education Teachers.Show MoreRelatedEssay on Comparative Education Project1269 Words   |  6 PagesCOMPARATIVE EDUCATION PRESENTATION LECTURE ENGLAND Carla Antoine History 600-1300 ï‚ § 600-1800 Beginnings ï‚ § 597  St Augustine arrived in England. ï‚ § 598  First grammar school established at Canterbury. ï‚ § 600s  More grammar schools established at Dorchester, Winchester, Hexham, Malmesbury, Lichfield, Hereford and Worcester. ï‚ § 776  Alcuin established school at York. ï‚ § 1016  Canute became king of England: concerned about the education of poor boys. ï‚ § 1066  Norman invasion: French replaced English as vernacularRead MoreThe Class Room By William Wright G000516811318 Words   |  6 PagesCentral Idea: Institutions should have programs for special needs children to integrate them in classrooms with regular students. . INTRODUCTION I. Attention Material A. Models to show how students with assistance can be measured 1. Some teachers think that inclusions are a plus in the class rooms. 2. Other teachers think that think inclusion would be more work than help. B. I have tutored in several schools and have a good relationship with teachers and students alike. 1. I enjoyed teaching andRead MoreTeaching Mathematical Problem Solving Math, Technology Education, And Special Education989 Words   |  4 PagesProblem Solving to Middle School Students in Math, Technology Education, and Special Education Classrooms.RMLE Online: Research in Middle Level Education, 27(1), 1-17. There were two instructional approaches, Enhanced Anchored Instruction (EAI) and text-based instruction (TBI), compared in this study. Both teaching methods were used to teach sixth-grade middle school students how to solve math problems in technology, special education classes and math classrooms.The purpose of this study was toRead MoreEssay about Anotated Bibliography No Child Left Behind760 Words   |  4 PagesLevente Vizi Professor Di Gloria ENC 1101 T2 137 25 March 2012 Annotated Bibliography What the paper Whats Missing from No Child Left Behind? A Policy Analysis from a Social Work Perspective. argues is that the No Child Left Behind bill might not be accomplishing its purpose. Moreover, the paper sheds light on the social and emotional risk factors that prevent students from succeeding in school. In the end, the article suggests that school social workers are capable of eliminating theseRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography Essay1319 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Stacy Perry MTE/562 Annotated Bibliography Gerald Thatcher WORKS CITED A comparison of norm-referencing and criterion-referencing methods for determining student grades in higher education. (n.d.). Retrieved February 3, 2015, from http://www.cshe.unimelb.edu.au/assessinglearning/06/normvcrit6.html This article is about the comparison of norm referencing and criterion referencing methods. The purpose of this is contrasting the two. It is about clear statements, and expectedRead MoreKnowledge and Understanding in the Teaching of English1080 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopment and I strongly agree and believe that children today will learn more effectively through this theory’s approach. Annotated Bibliographies: (1) Bruce L. Mallory and Rebecca S. New (January 1, 1994) Social Constructivist Theory and Principles of Inclusion: Challenges for Early Childhood Special Education. J Spec Educ 1994 28:322. DOI: 10.1177/002246699402800307 †¢ This journal article discusses the fundamental properties of an inclusive early childhoodRead MoreEmbedded Blended Learning Within An Algebra Classroom : A Multimedia Capture Experiment882 Words   |  4 PagesAnnotated Bibliography Smith, J., Suzuki, S. (2015). Embedded blended learning within an Algebra classroom: a multimedia capture experiment. Journal Of Computer Assisted Learning, 31(2), 133-147. doi:10.1111/jcal.12083. Retrieved from https://wgu.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true This article was published in the Journal of computer Assisted Learning. This is a peer-reviewed, scholarly journal that focuses on the multiple applications of information andRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography for Psychology1061 Words   |  5 PagesAnnotated Bibliography for Psychology Armstrong, Thomas. â€Å"The Extent of Childhood Attention Deficit Disorder Is Exaggerated.† Opposing Viewpoints: Mental Illness. ED. Tamara L. Roleff and Laura K. Egendorf. 2000. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Thomas Gale. NEMCC Lib., Booneville, MS. 24 Sept. 2008 http://www2.nemcc.edu/library/ WEBPAGE/online_databases.htm. The viewpoint has eight pages with four sections and two further reading sections, one listing periodicals and the other listingRead MoreThe Individuals With Disabilities Education Act2065 Words   |  9 PagesThe Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, also known as IDEA was originally created in 1975 to ensure that children with disabilities were given the opportunity to receive a free and adequate education. IDEA has been revised and many times since 1975, the most recent being in 2004. IDEA consists of parts A, B, C, and D. Part A outlines the basic foundation, and defines terms used throughout the act. Part B outlines the responsibilities of schools to educate students aged 3-21. The IndividualsRead MoreThe Impact Of Telecommunication Technology On Virtual Universities1732 Words   |  7 Pages Impact of Telecommunication Technologies on Virtual Universities Shena D. Sterling IX540: Research Methods for Education and Instructional Technology Professor Kimberly Case December 13, 2014 Introduction Virtual Universities are on the rise and are a legitimate threat to replace the traditional University. The most prominent reason for the current explosion in student enrollment in the virtual universities, are advancements in telecommunications technologies. This paper presents

Social Work s Journey As A Profession And Its Resulting...

In order for a person to develop a set of values they must analyze their lives and determine what is important to them. The time period in which a person was born, their cultural origins, religion, and life experiences all affect what their values will be. In the same way, the social work profession established its values by analyzing its origins, its successes and its failures. This paper looks at social work’s journey as a profession and its resulting values. This paper then discusses my personal life experience, my values, and how they make me compatible with the social work profession. Social Work Values According to Hodge (2013), the social work profession emerged out of organized religion and remained greatly influenced by spirituality until at least the late 19th century (p.1). During this time, social work in both England and the United States focused primarily on the morality of their clients. This point of view saw an abundance of opportunities for the poor and there fore considered poverty to be a result of moral defect. Thus the poor were labeled as immoral and lazy and the goal of social work was to reform clients’ morality and character (DuBois Miley, 2014). Not only did the high emphasis on morality created a relatively biased and judgmental profession, but it also limited social workers’ understanding of environmental influences on their clients and minimized their roles as advocates for systemic social justice. The shift from the morality of individualShow MoreRelatedLife As A Social Worker1574 Words   |  7 PagesLife as Social Worker Growing up, I would watch the people in my community. I picked up on the things we considered to be socially acceptable. My community is predominantly filled with Latino and African American culture. Though, both come from two different ethnic groups, beliefs and practices, they share a common socioeconomic factor. I remember observing the gang violence, prostitution, drug and alcohol abuse, and children wandering the streets. Most people coming from a higher income statusRead MoreGender Inequality Between Women And Men1445 Words   |  6 PagesIn academia, gender may contribute to one’s treatment in secondary and tertiary erudition. Gender plays a role in the inequality between women and men in the educational field resulting in wage gaps, sexual harassment, and underrepresentation. Others claim that these conditions are not based on gender, but on the individual’s circumstances. Throughout this research, women and men alike can grasp a more understanding approach to the differences in treatment in academe. Because inequality resultsRead MoreTrace The History Of Counseling Profession2081 Words   |  9 Pages1. Trace the history of counseling profession in India? Introduction The concept of counseling is not of a recent one. That said, it must be noted that the accepted system and structures within it have digressed, though marginally, from traditional dialecticism between the people in the society. Guidance and Counseling is a persistent phenomenon present in every cultural and social setting; we seek counseling from elders, parents, teachers and other members in the family or the community. The significanceRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet : A Critical Analysis1511 Words   |  7 Pages William Shakespeare s Hamlet: A Critical Analysis of Act V Regarded widely as an immutable element of classical literature, Shakespeare s Hamlet broke the proverbial bindings of dramatic convention in its time and hitherto continues to provoke careful consideration of the dramatic issues explored therein. As varied as they are extreme, the themes that Shakespeare s Hamlet explore continue to spur intense debate due to the ambiguity of dramatic elements present in-throughoutRead MoreFeminism And The Second Wave1448 Words   |  6 Pages and elevating women to higher roles in professions both politically and culturally. Liberal feminism also uses Affirmative action to push for gender equality, especially in work places. Marxist feminism on the other hand places housewives in the capitalist structure based on Marx’s analysis pertaining to people of any social characteristic, showcasing vitality to the capitalist system in relation to women’s unpaid labor at home. Marx recognized the value of women to the capitalist system (e.g. reproducesRead MoreExperiencing Transitions : A Theoretical Framework For Practice2238 Words   |  9 Pagesconcepts will be defined and their relationship to the theory and each other will be explained. Review of Literature Dr. Afaf Meleis began her work on the development of the ETT in the mid-1960s and early 1970s while working on her PhD (IM, 2009, p. 417). In 2000, Dr. Meleis published the middle range theory ETT which expanded the framework of her earlier work. Meleis et al. (2000) described the types of transitions people experience as developmental, health and illness, situational, and organizationalRead MoreA Framework For Anti Oppressive Practice Of Social Work2300 Words   |  10 PagesThroughout this assignment I will Identity and critique relevant policies, values, theories and evidence underpinning Integrated care teams. I will reflect on major implications identified for service users and for the role and practice of social work. I will look at a framework for anti- oppressive practice of which would inform my intervention. A persistent theme of policy in the last forty years has been a concern that there would be an improvement in welfare services if statutory organisationsRead MoreTransforming Nursing Education : An Overview2644 Words   |  11 Pageschallenges of the twenty-first century requires highly educated nurses trained not just in acute care hospital settings but a variety of clinical setting; this broadening in clinical education allows the nurses to self-understand and identify resulting in a transformation from lay person to professional nurse (Benner, Sutphen, Leonard, Day, 2010; Institute of Medicine, 2010). Nurse administrators are not worried about the education-practice gap but concerns are now practice-education gap dueRead MoreCompetency Requirements For Health Service Professionals1999 Words   |  8 Pagesfor enhanced IPC is an admirable aim, this has resulted in more confusion with the introduction of varying definitions, particularly in relation to what IPE and IPC is. The authors distinguish between competencies for health professions that are specific to their profession, are generic, or those that only may be achieved through interprofessional educational forums. A recurring theme in the research reviewed is that the process of becoming a functioning, collaborative team requires investmentsRead MoreThe Curriculum Policy Statement Of The Council On Social Work5929 Words   |  24 Pagesof the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE, 2001), the accrediting body of all bachelor s and master s social work degree programs in the United States, requires all social work programs to teach students how to promote economic and social justice. The revised Code of Ethics (1996) of the National Association of Social Workers proclaims the pursuit of social justice one of the profession s core values and establishes as an ethical imperative, â€Å"Social workers challenge social injustice† (NASW

Class V Kmt 4 Inhibitors - 1876 Words

CLASS V: DPP 4 INHIBITORS The DPP 4 inhibitors come in the class of incretin based therapies for type 2 diabetes. The incretin effect is generally blunted in type 2 diabetes patients.16 The two main incretin hormones responsible for blood glucose regulation are GLP-1 (glucagon like peptide-1) and GIP ( glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide). These two hormones are secreted when carbohydrates and fats are consumed and they result in increased glucose dependent insulin secretion or postprandial insulin release and decreased glucagon secretion. Both of these hormones tend to be rapidly metabolized in the circulation by the enzyme DPP 4 (dipeptidyl peptidase). Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by decreased insulin sensitivity and progressive loss of pancreatic beta cell insulin secretion .The DPP 4 inhibitors block the breakdown of naturally occurring GLP 1 by competitively inhibiting the binding of GLP 1 to DPP .The DPP 4 inhibitors decrease the acitivity of the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase by greater than 80% for up to 24 hours, thereby augmenting the meal related circulating concentrations of both GLP-1 and GIP.19The duration of effect of GLP 1 is thereby increased, thus resulting in a reduction in hepatic glucose output and increase in insulin production. DPP 4 inhibitors currently approved in the US: Generic name Trade name Dosage Combinations Sitagliptin Januvia 25 to 100 mg once daily Janumet( Sitagliptin+Metformin) Saxagliptin Onglyza 2.5 to 5 mg once daily